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Is ADHD a ‘real’ disorder?

Introduction
According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by a persistent pattern of inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity. Symptoms of this nature persist into adulthood and can cause several impairments in social, academic and occupational functioning (Gapin et al., 2011). Globally, the disorder affects 5.3% of children (Polanczyk et al., 2007). This figure was reported following a review of 102 prevalence studies from seven regions, including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Oceania. The disorder is more commonly diagnosed in males than in females in the general population, with a ratio of 2:1 in children (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In the United States, and increasingly in Europe, psychostimulants are first-line treatments for ADHD (Singh, 2008) and since the 1950s, medications for ADHD have been used (Kewley, 2011).
In many western countries, ADHD has achieved celebrity status, such that it probably no longer requires introduction (Graham, 2010). It is a global phenomenon, spreading rapidly as result of the increasing dominance internationally of US psychiatric models, the need for new markets for major pharmaceutical companies, increasing use of the internet by parents and professionals and changing approaches to schooling (Stead et al., 2006). Campbell (2000) asserts it is safe to argue that we likely know more about ADHD than any other childhood condition. Yet, despite the existing plethora of research and skyrocketing increases in the number of persons diagnosed with ADHD, it is clear that this topic is highly misunderstood (Kewley, 1999).

Conclusion
The authors of this paper reviewed the literature and research supporting ADHD as a valid disorder. They also explored the many criticisms levelled against the ADHD construct. Research literature on both sides of the ADHD argument presents clear and compelling evidence for their theories and positions and it is clear that the debate surrounding the legitimacy of ADHD as a medical condition is far from over. Although the ADHD construct has been scientifically explored, it has gathered limited medical support, and admittedly, serious gaps in knowledge remain unanswered. This highlights the need for further research and exploration of this controversial and contested condition, with which many of our children and students continue to be diagnosed and labelled in the present day.



example sentences

Symptoms of this nature persist into adulthood and can cause several impairments in social, academic and occupational functioning
これらの生まれつきの症状は成人期の間も持続され、社会や、学問、職業で作用する中でいくつかの障害を引き起こします。

It probably no longer requires introduction.
おそらく、もはや紹介の必要としなくなるだろう。

Review: Shrek

      This story's protagonist is shrek. He is an ogre and lives in a swamp. He likes there because it's a nice and quiet.
     Oneday, he met a talkative donkey near his home, then he found a lot of fairy tale characters in the swamp too in that night. He is angry because the swamp become noisy. The reason why they came there is Lord Farquaad who is a very small man and lives in big castle expelled them. Shrek went to the castle to see Lors Farquaad. Lors Farquaad said that rescue Princess Fiona who is so beautiful from the dragon if you don't want the fairy tale characters in the swamp.
     Shrek and donkey went to the castle that princess Fiona is. He helped Fiona from the dragon. In  going back to the bog castle way, they spend with a long time and did many things together. But onenight, donkey saw her different looking. She is also an ogre!! She is not beautiful.
     Then, Fiona and the small man got married. But she doesn't like him, she likes Shrek. And in that time, Shrek noticed his felling for her.
He rescued her from the small man. He told his love for her, and they married in his swamp. They are very happy.
      I learned from this story that appearance and where they live is not matter for love and friendships.
 

Introduce about Yukina!! (rewite)

Introduce
Name: Yukina Hirao
Age: 23
Birthday: August 9

I lived in Vancouver for 7 months and came back to Japan in March.
I learned about TESOL that is how to teach English for children using English as second language. This is so interesting for me because there were different ways from teaching style I experienced.
My vancouver life is so wonderful except gaining weight. I love it and I want to go there again if I can.
Actually, I'm thinking about this. Affter I graduate from my university, I will get a working holiday visa. I want to be a good English speaker.
My dream is to be a teacher in an elementary school. Probably, English education will be started from an elementary school in Japan. This experience must be good for me in the future because nobody knows how to teach English for children.

I was a member of the cheerleading team in Kumamoto university.
My hobby is dancing, and I'm a dance instrutor. I teach dancing in the gym.

Introduce about Yukina!!!

Introduce
Name: Yukina Hirao
Age: 23
Birthday: August 9

I lived in Vancouver for 7 mounths and came back to Japan in March.
I learned about TESOL that is how to teach English for children using English as secound language. This is so interesting for me because there were different ways from teaching style I experienced.
My vancouver life is so wonderful expect gaining weight. I love there and I want to go there again if I can.
Actually, I'm thinking about this. Affter I graduate from my univercity, I will get a working holiday viza. I want to be a good English speaker.
My dream is to be a teacher in an elementary school. Probably, English education will be  started from an elementary school in Japan. This experience must be good for me in the future because nobady knows how to teach English for children.

I was a member of cheerleading team in Kumamoto university.
My hobby is dancing, and I'm a dance instractor. I teach dancing in the gym.

Nice to meet you!!